Abstract

Background: Surgical site infections (SSIs) are common healthcare-associated infections that increase mortality, prolong hospital stays, and impose substantial economic costs.

Aim: This review aims to clearly summarize the current evidence on the definition, classification, risk factors, common pathogens (including multidrug resistant organisms), and principles of management and prevention of SSIs, with emphasis on global guidelines to reduce infection related morbidity.

Key findings: SSIs occur within 30 days post surgery and are classified as superficial incisional, deep incisional, or organ/space. Risk factors include patient related (smoking, obesity, age) and procedure related (prolonged surgery, implants, contamination) variables. Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) are predominant pathogens. Management involves surgical exploration, microbiological sampling, and appropriate antibiotic therapy. Prevention strategies are outlined in WHO based recommendations.

Conclusion: Improving post discharge surveillance, validating risk tools, and conducting high quality trials on dressings and negative pressure therapy are future priorities. A multidisciplinary approach is essential for better outcomes.